Pharmacology Made Simple : Antimicrobials : Cefexime

Salmonella and Shigella case significant mobidity and motality among children woldwide

Increased microbial resistance reslts in greater burden of disease.

Cefexime and Typhoid Fever:

Typhoid continues to pose a challenge even 100 years after its discovery.

Typhoid is a common cause of morbidity among young children worldwide including children below 2 years of age.

Cefexime exhibits low MIC 90 and high concentration against Typhoid fever.

MIC 90 against Salmonella typhi : 0.25 micrograms/ml2

Mean concentration in bile : 199.3 micrograms/ml3

Cefexime effectively treats MDR and NMDR Typhoid Fever with High Cure Rates.

Cefexime shows significant clinical efficacy of around 100 % with low rates of relapse.

Cefexime in Shigellosis Management :

Shigellosis is primarily a childhood disease in both developed and developing countries.

Over 163.2 million cases are reported in developing countries.

Cefexime exhibits low MIC 90 against Shigella species.

Cefexime is effective in treatmemt of suspected shigellosis in areas of high resistance to co-trimoxazole.

Pharmacology Made Simple : Oral Hypoglycemics : Combination of Sitagliptin and Metformin

Combination of Sitagliptin and Metformin 50 mg / 500 mg :


A combination of Sitagliptin and Metformin 50 mg / 500 mg produces a greater reduction in HbA1c compared to Metformin alone.

A substantial number of patients : 49.2 % in the Sitagliptin =+ Metformin FDC group had an HbA1c < 7.0 % at week 18 as compared with 34.2% in Metformin monotherapy group.

31.8 % of patients with Sitagliptin - Metformin FDC Group achieved an HbA1c of < 6.5 % compared with 16.0 % in Metformin monotherapy group.

Treatment with Sitagliptin - Metformin FDC results in lower incidence of abdominal pain and diarrhea compared with Metformin monotherapy.

This combination improves glycemic control as well as beta cell function.

Sitagliptin - Metformin combination compared with Glipizide- Metformin combination led to better maintenance of Beta cell function after 2 years of treatment.

Disposition Index : an assessment of Beta cell responsiveness in relation to insulin sensitivity remained stable over 2 years with Sitagliptin - Metformin but declined from baseline with Glipizide - Metformin.

Pharmacology Made Simple : Antihypertensives : Valsartan

Valsartan

This is an ARB : Angiotensin Receptor Blocker.

It is available in 40 mg , 80 mg and 160 mg tablets.

It provides round the clock effective and reliable Blood Pressure Control.

In Diabetic hypertensive patients,it doesnot adversely affect glucose and lipid metabolism and even improves it.

It is also safe and well tolerated in patients with nephropathy.

In post MI  patients,the incidence of side effects lik hypotension,cough and increased serum creatinine is lower with ARBs than ACE Inhibitors.

When added with a hydrochlorothiazide diuretic ,it can be used effectively to lower Mean Systemic Diastolic Blood Pressure / MSDBP and Mean Systemic Systolic Blood Pressure / MSSBP in patients with Essential Hypertension.