Dermatology Made Simple : Fungal infections of the Trunk

Fungal infections of the Trunk

These are usually caused by one of the below organisms:

Tinea Corporis

Candidia

Malassezia furfur

Tinea Corporis:

This is causes by a fungus Dermatophyte.

These usually live on the normal skin and cause rash when the environment is suitable for them or person is immunocompromised.

It can spread from person to person as direct contact.

Predisposing factors:

Individuals with immunosuppression

Individuals living in crowded and humid areas.

Lesions:

These are red colored erythematous with well defined scaly edge.

They affect the trunk,thighs and abdomen.

Management:

This is usually by Terbinafine cream 1 %.

Other options include :

Miconazole

Ketoconazole

Clotrimazole

These medications will have to be used for 2 – 4 weeks.

Systemic Therapy is in the form of Itraconazole 100 mg/day for 2 weeks

Differential Diagnosis

Differential Diagnosis for Tinea corporis includes: Erythrasma which is casued by Corynebacterium minutissimum and is treated by Tetracyclines.

Pityriasis Versicolor:

This is caused by Malasezia furfur

It affects upper back,arms and chest.

It causes well defined macules that vary in color from pale to dark brown.

They are covered with scales.

These lesions become more apparent when exposure to sun light takes place.

Treatment

Topical Selenium Sulphide and topical ketoconazole 2 % cream applied once daily for 2 weeks  that cures 

between 70 – 80 % of cases.

Differential Diagnosis for Pityriasis Versicolor includes:

Seborrhoeic dermatitis

Pityrisasis Rosea and

Vitiligo

Computer Studies Made Simple : Computer Storage Devices:

Computer Storage Devices

These are devices that are used to store data and programmes permanently.      

 

They are important because the main memory of a computer is not permanent and tends to lose data and programmes when the computer is powered off.

Also the main memory of a computer has limited capacity while these storage devices can store a large amount of data.

Following are common types of storage devices:

Magnetic Disk

Optical Disk

Magnetic Disc:

This includes the most widely used Hard Disk and the older discs such as floppy disc and magnetic tape.

Hard Drive / disc:

This is a type of magnetic disc.

It consists of several circular discs called platters which are used to store data.

A platter in a hard disc is coated with a magnetic material.

The hard disk in most personal computers is fixed inside the system unit.

It is a faster means of data storage and can store a large amount of data upto 500 Giga Bytes – 1 Tera 

Bytes.

It is also safer than most other means of data storage.

Dermatology Made Simple : fungal Infections of the feet

Fungal infections of the feet:

Tinea pedis also called as Athlete”s foot.

Is usually acquired in public swimming pools or showers.

Usually common in industrial workers.

Tinea pedis is very itchy and can affect any part of the foot.

Usually involves skin in between toes.

It develops into a dry and scaling rash with vesicles at the active margins.

Hands can be affected in as imilar distribution.

Differential Diagnosis:

Psoriasis

Eczema

Management:

Terbinafine 1 % cream Twice a day for 2 – 4 weeks is usually effective.



Ulcerated Athlete"s foot

Computer Studies Made Simple : Information Technology : Preliminary Investigations

Computer Studies Made Simple : Information Technology

Preliminary Investigation:

A thorough investigation of a system is done in this phase.

Following steps are taken in order to achieve this:

 1.System Identification:

This phase is used to justify the need of a new system.

It is the single most important step in further development of a system.

2.System Scope :

The overall scope of a system is recognized and identified at this stage

3.Alternate Solutions :

Alternative sources for development of a system are identified after discussion and 

meetings with clients,customers and suppliers etc

4.Feasibility Studies

This is conducted to determine whether the proposed system would be effective for a 

particular organization in terms of its affordability and acceptability keeping in view the 

financial, and other constraints

5.Preliminary Plan

Also called as feasibility Report,is submitted to the managers and Organizers for 

approval.

It may have one of the following outcomes:

Approval

Modification

Complete Rejection

Dermatology Made Simple : Fungal Infections of the skin

Fungal Infections of Scalp:

Etiology / Causative Organisms

These are most frequently caused by Tinea capitis.

Major fungal Pathogens include:

Trichophyton

Microsporum

Epidermophyton

Clinical presentation:

These may present in one of following ways:

Scaling

Alopecia (Hair Loss)

Yellow crusts on the scalp.

Grey patches

Pustules

Kerion : Boggy inflamed pustular lesion on the scalp.

Investigations:

Scalp brushings must be taken to isolate fungal pathogens.

Management:

Systemic Antifugnals are usually needed as topical antifungals are unable to penetrate the affected areas.

Griseofulvin

Has minimal side effects.

Most effective for Microsporum Infections.

Dose is 10 mg / kg if over 1 month of age

Terbinafine:

Most effective against Tinea Tonsurans.

Dose : depends on the weight of the patient

< 20 kg : 62.5 mg

20 – 40 mg : 125 mg

  Ø  40 kg : 250 mg OD



TTinea Capitis involving Scalp

Computer Studies Made Simple : System Development Life Cycle / SDLC

System Development Life Cycle / SDLC :

This refers to a series of steps taken in order to develop a system.

The following series of steps are taken:

1.Preliminary Investigation:

This is the first phase in SDLC in which initial analysis of a system is performed.

The following aspects are analysed:

System identification

System Scope

Alternative Solutions

Feasibility Study

Preliminary Plan

2.System Analysis:

A detailed analysis and study of current system is undertaken to investigate the working of a system and 

ways of making improvements.

It includes the following aspects:

Need Analysis

Data Gathering

Data Analysis

Analysis Report

3.System Design:

In this stage,logical and physical model of a new system is designed.

This design is made keeping in mind to fulfil criteria devised in Analysis Phase

4.Coding Phase:

Actual development of the System takes place in this stage.

Different modules and programmes are designed.These modules are then intergrated at a later stage.

5.Testing:

In this phase,the system is thoroughly tested in order to identify and errors.

6.Implementation:

In this stage,hardware,software and other files are installed in the system after testing has been completed.

It canbe done in one of the methods below:

Parallel Implementation

Phased Implementation

Pilot Implementation

Direct Implementation

7.Maintenance:

In this phase,a system is monitored and steps aretaken to ensure that a system is fulfilling its objectives.

It includes the following meausures/steps:

Taking steps to update and improve effectiveness of a system.

Identifying and rectifying any problems identified in the system.

Computer Studies Made Simple : Devices used to connect networks of computers

Devices used to connect networks of computers:

Different devices to connect networks of computer are as follows:

1.Router

2.Gateway

3.Bridges

Router:

A router is a device that connects multiple networks that’s use similar or different protocols.

It manages the best route between any two communication networks.

It consists of hardware and software.

The hardware canbe a network server or a separate computer.

The software includes operating system and routing protocol.

Routers are used when several networks are connected together.

They can connect networks of different countries.

They transfer data in less time.

Gateway:

A gateway is a device that connects two or more networks with different types of protocols.

Two different type of networks require a gateway to communicate with each other.

It is an intelligent device as it converts data according to the protocol.

For example,the computers on a LAN require gateway to access the internet.

Bridges:

A bridge is a device that connects two network segments.

It is used to connect similar types of networks.

When a bridge receives a signal,it determines the segment where the signal should be sent.

It reads the addresses of sending and receiving computers.

If both the computers are in the same segment,bridge doesnot pass the signal to the other segment.

It reduces network traffic and increases network performance.  

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